Major problem with Cortana and Windows 10 apps

That's EFI - yours isn't- and your disk is MBR. So yours is legacy BIOS (2 partitions).

I also note there's no unallocated space on the drive. My standard recommendation is for at least 500Mb, as often an upgrade or repair will create another Recovery partition.

Please create 500Mb unallocated space on your system disk.

To do an in-place upgrade repair install you need a 14393 iso, of the same base language, and x86 or x64 as appropriate.

You may already have one, or with due care, from here:
Microsoft Windows 10 Anniversary Update 1607 Download (Build 14393.0)

Hi, good, what exactly did you do to resolve this?

500Mb:

I also note there's no unallocated space on the drive. My standard recommendation is for at least 500Mb, as often an upgrade or repair will create another Recovery partition.

(My post #11 and earlier e.g.)

I.e. if there's no room for Windows to place a partition, it will sulk.
And indeed, if there's no room on the system disk,but there is on a data disk, it will put Windows partitions there. Which isn't good news.So it would be interesting to see your partition layout now..

It looks like it's generated a new recovery partition as I suggested.

What I didn't notice from your post #7 was that your first partition (recovery) has no content or recognisable file system.

So now you'll get a big update - and maybe an upgrade to the CU build 1703- but note that over the next few weeks the NEXT major build is being rolled out - 1709 - the Fall/Autumn Creator's Upgrade.