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#1
WF might be enabled, but it has to be running as well. It has a tendency to stop in certain conditions.
Suggestion only:
Temporarily disable the Firewall, try to do the updates, if they work, that's good. Then re-enable the Firewall.
Assuming this worked, do this for the time being, until some other permanent solution will be easily available.
One last try for WF, run CMD as admin and copy/paste:
netsh advfirewall set allprofiles state on
netsh advfirewall reset
Other then can, I can think only about trying to perform a network/system cleanup.
For starters, you might try: Store Cache - Clear and Reset in Windows 10 - Windows 10 Forums
Download WD.bat and run it as admin to clean Windows download cache.
Download WN.bat and run it as admin to reset network settings and network services.
Download WC.bat and run it as admin to perform a system cleanup, it will take about an hour.
Additionally, I would recommend to use CCleaner and WiseCare (it also cleans store and other things).
The worst case scenario: Repair Install Windows 10 with an In-place Upgrade - Windows 10 Forums
It enables WF for all profiles, a default setting.
Disable or Enable Windows Firewall on the Compute Nodes