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#11
The sound itself is the one allocated to "Notification bar" - Windows Information Bar.wav
You can never say nothing is running in the background with Windows and installed Applications as there is always thousands of those. e.g. the Notification panel Icon clearly has something indicated in that video. There could be a host of other hidden notification icons.
The question is what of those thousands uses that particular beep sound as some kind of indicator.
As a start I would go to Settings > System > Notifications & actions.
Notifications, careful what you tick there.
There will be a long list lower down for Apps, some of which will have the option of Sounds.
Click on each one for sound options. Look for the greyed On: with 'Sounds' indicated.
e.g. there will be one for Google Chrome.
You may have about ~25 Apps listed there.