What else can I do to fix the corrupt files?

Suggest you post the log (zipped) or examine it yourself to see what's reported.

Also post your current build
Windows key + R, winver

Have you modified any dll's - e.g. icons?

Matthew Wai said:

I ran "sfc /scannow", and it said "Windows Resource Protection found corrupt files but was unable to fix some of them"...

You could try running sfc /scannow offline at boot, Option One in the tutorial...

   Note

This option scans the integrity of all Windows system files at boot (offline) and repairs files with problems (ex: corrupted or modified) when possible.

Running SFC at boot will allow SFC to be able to repair files that are in use in Windows since SFC wouldn't be able to repair them in Windows.

Run SFC Command in Windows 10

Hi, that seems very short. Please try zipping it and attaching it to your post

This is all there is... extremely short- seems incomplete?

Go with @Bree's idea of running it when offline (not booted into Windows)

2018-02-23 18:20:54, Info CBS TI: --- Initializing Trusted Installer ---
2018-02-23 18:20:54, Info CBS TI: Last boot time: 2018-02-23 17:48:55.495
2018-02-23 18:20:54, Info CBS Starting TrustedInstaller initialization.
2018-02-23 18:20:54, Info CBS Lock: New lock added: CCbsPublicSessionClassFactory, level: 30, total lock:4
2018-02-23 18:20:54, Info CBS Lock: New lock added: CCbsPublicSessionClassFactory, level: 30, total lock:5
2018-02-23 18:20:54, Info CBS Lock: New lock added: WinlogonNotifyLock, level: 8, total lock:6
2018-02-23 18:20:54, Info CBS Ending TrustedInstaller initialization.
2018-02-23 18:20:54, Info CBS Starting the TrustedInstaller main loop.
2018-02-23 18:20:54, Info CBS TrustedInstaller service starts successfully.
2018-02-23 18:20:54, Info CBS No startup processing required, TrustedInstaller service was not set as autostart
2018-02-23 18:20:54, Info CBS Startup processing thread terminated normally
2018-02-23 18:20:54, Info CBS TI: Startup Processing completes, release startup processing lock.
2018-02-23 18:20:54, Info CBS Starting TiWorker initialization.
2018-02-23 18:20:54, Info CBS Lock: New lock added: TiWorkerClassFactory, level: 30, total lock:2
2018-02-23 18:20:54, Info CBS Ending TiWorker initialization.
2018-02-23 18:20:54, Info CBS Starting the TiWorker main loop.
2018-02-23 18:20:54, Info CBS TiWorker starts successfully.
2018-02-23 18:20:54, Info CBS Lock: New lock added: CCbsWorker, level: 5, total lock:3
2018-02-23 18:20:54, Info CBS Universal Time is: 2018-02-23 10:20:54.379
2018-02-23 18:20:54, Info CBS Loaded Servicing Stack v10.0.16299.15 with Core: C:\Windows\winsxs\amd64_microsoft-windows-servicingstack_31bf3856ad364e35_10.0.16299.15_none_2c4b8d3b386eed8e\cbscore.dll
2018-02-23 18:20:54, Info CSI 00000001@2018/2/23:10:20:54.379 WcpInitialize (wcp.dll version 0.0.0.6) called (stack @0x7ffcd9624519 @0x7ffcd9a2b8b6 @0x7ffcd9a2bd78 @0x7ff7f7c22c32 @0x7ff7f7c235b8 @0x7ffd14196d23)
2018-02-23 18:20:54, Info CBS Lock: New lock added: CCbsSessionManager, level: 11, total lock:8
2018-02-23 18:20:54, Info CBS Lock: New lock added: CSIInventoryCriticalSection, level: 64, total lock:9
2018-02-23 18:20:54, Info CBS NonStart: Set pending store consistency check.
2018-02-23 18:20:54, Info CBS Session: 30649487_4239773314 initialized by client DISM Package Manager Provider, external staging directory: (null), external registry directory: (null
2018-02-23 18:20:54, Info CBS Client specifies manual store corruption detect or repair.
2018-02-23 18:20:54, Info CBS Exec: Session processing started. Client: Manual, Session(DISM Package Manager Provider Store Corruption Detect/Repair): 30649487_4239773314
2018-02-23 18:20:54, Info CBS Reboot mark set
2018-02-23 18:20:54, Info CBS Winlogon: Registering for CreateSession notifications
2018-02-23 18:20:54, Info CBS Winlogon: Loading SysNotify DLL
2018-02-23 18:20:54, Info CBS Winlogon: Starting notify server
2018-02-23 18:20:54, Info CBS FLOW: Entering stage: CheckCbs

Matthew Wai said:

Which one is the partition/volume where my system boot files are stored?

Looks to be Volume 1.

Matthew Wai said:

Which one is the partition/volume where my system boot files are stored?

From Option One of the sfc tutorial...

NOTE: If you do not have a "System Reserved" partition, and are not multi-booting with another operating system, then the boot drive and Windows 10 drive may be the same drive letter.

If that diskpart command was run from a command prompt at boot, looks like it's C:.