Another OS being detected will get you the Upgrade option as you posted. You can still just select the Custom option below it. Then use the disk tools to delete any and all partitions. You can then partition the drive yourself, if you want. Or just install into the unallocated space. Windows will create all the partitions it needs for the type of install being done, legacy of UEFI.
Unplugging the hard drive before boot up, means it was not detected by the BIOS during the POST. Plugging it back in latter on, it was likely still not detected and thus won't show up in Setup.
If your motherboard has more than one (type of) SATA controller (chips) on it, switch the hard drive to the other controller. Switch SATA ports. Some motherboards have standard SATA and a RAID controller. If your plugged into the RAID controller (even in non RAID mode) it could be what's hanging things up.
OK, usually if it's looking for a driver for the SATA, it prompts for it. BIOS set to failsafe defaults?
Unplug anything not needed for the PC to POST. Keyboard, mouse and monitor should be all you need. Unplug and printers etc. If your using a front panel USB port for your install thumb drive, try one of the rear ports. The ones mounted directly to the motherboard, and not on a cable/header.
I'm running out of ideas? Its starting to look like a hardware issue? Do you have another hard drive to try? And or another SATA cable?
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