Windows 10 Update keeps failing 0x8007001F - 0x20006

I was able to successfully update to Windows Version 1803 (build 17134.320)!
Thanks everyone for the quick and detailed help, I really appreciate what you guys are doing. Now I can finally spend my time on something else than trying to do Windows Update's job.. And another clean install avoided!

Here's the final beta log:
Winver 1806 - Log collectors DM + BETA.zip
I enabled fast boot again and the changed back the other settings to what it was before with success.

Quick recap of the solution
Do an in place repair with the exact same Windows iso file as your current version (32/64 bit, same native language, same Windows 10 version such as Pro/Home, China etc, same windows "Anniversary/Creators" update etc) which you can download here:
Microsoft Windows and Office ISO Download Tool
Lot of different options to choose from, make sure it's the correct one...

Then when you hopefully manage to complete the in place repair, sfc /scannow and follow zbook's advice about disable fast boot and change the other settings. You can hopefully use the normal windows update to install the latest version.

The newest log collector zip was in a foreign language and could not be scanned.
See if you can post a new zip with English as the default language so that the files can be scanned and read.
The log collector prior to this had displayed failure of fast boot so the failure was troubleshooted by turning it off.
With a new Windows upgrade it may or may not have a failure.
If you can run the log collector over the weekend and have made some normal boots and shutdowns this can be checked in addition to other possible problems when the logs are posted.


Add, Remove, and Change Display Language in Windows 10 | Windows 10 Tutorials

Great idea @Caledon Ken. I will check that out!

Tried to enable secure boot again. Here's a log new collector in english:
Log collector 1803 v2.rar

According to control panel fast startup is enabled:

Yeah while I was enabling secure boot in UEFI i noted that there was an option to enable fast boot, which said it was enabled.

1) In startup and recovery system failure:
a) change kernel memory dump to automatic memory dump
b) uncheck automatically restart
c) reboot

If automatically restart is checked it can be easy to miss bsod. With automatically restart unchecked you should see a bsod window with bugcheck and : (. Sometimes you may see a misbehaving driver in the form *.sys. If you see a bsod at the very start there is a % counter. Allow this to rise to 100% before rebooting so that there is sufficient time to create the dump file.

2) Turn off Windows fast startup:
Turn On or Off Fast Startup in Windows 10 | Windows 10 Tutorials

Code:

Event[816]:
  Log Name: System
  Source: Microsoft-Windows-Kernel-Boot
  Date: 2018-09-27T23:42:42.764
  Event ID: 29
  Task: N/A
  Level: Error
  Opcode: Info
  Keyword: N/A
  User: S-1-5-18
  User Name: NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM
  Computer: censored-Pc
  Description: 
Windows failed fast startup with error status 0xC00000D4.