1709 Fails to install and how to remove multiple recovery partitions?

Am facing two issues / have some questions:

1. 1709 fails to install

Windows downloads all the files, starts the upgrade setup.
Once done, and after 'Configuring update for Windows...'the first re-starts ends up with a BSOD

"Your PC ran into a problem and needs to restart. We'll restart for you.
"For more information about this issue and possible fixes, visit https/www-windows-com/stopcode
"If you call a support person, give them this info:
"Stop code SYSTEM THREAD EXCEPTION NOT HANDLED

Windows re-starts and restores previous version of Windows.
After the restore, there is no way to find out what might have been the cause.
Is it a driver and if so what driver?
Is it the Firewall, is the the '1709 compatible' AV software?
The NVidia GTX970 driver is also the latest and is '1709 ready'.

Question: is there a possible other way to find out what might have been the cause of this problem?

2. After a couple of attempts, Windows created a few extra partitions.
They are small in size.

Questions:
is it possible to delete these partitions safely ?
could these extra partitions be the cause of the issue?
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3. Find out the cause whilst using USB install.
The following is something I am -not- sure of, so I did -not- try it.
It seems... that running the Windows 10 1709 from USB (created using Media Creation Tool),
the upgrade at some point would tell me the item that is not compatible and needs attention(?)

Something like:

"What needs your attention"The following things need your attention to continue the installation and keep your Windows settings, personal files,"and apps.
"This device isn't compatible in Windows 10. Contact the manufacturer for more info.

Question: at what point in the process is this message displayed?
Is it displayed at a point that I can abort the setup process?
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4. When using USB - going thru the steps, just before the install I get a screen 'Ready to install'

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Question: What will happen with the existing Windows?
Meaning to say, will it be upgraded only, or entirely be replaced as if it were an install from scratch (so I need to re-install all other applications?)

Thanks!

Note: I also tried "Windows10Upgrade9252.exe" - same problem.

First of all: many thanks for your elaborate reply!
Truly appreciated!

1) As for Windows on C: and other drives: please note that this is the one and only drive Windows is residing on.
SSD C-drive.
All other drives are used for different purposes.

2) As for chkdsk c: /f
Note that I tried that, after reboot I checked the eventlogs (chkdsk and wininit). Strange enough - no entries...
Although I did saw a kind of 'checking... 100% completed' notification whilst starting.
anyway I initiated a chkdsk again. This time more was done and eventlog was created... weird eh ..
see attachment

SFC /scannow - no issues


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As for 3:
1. Yes, I use Macrium Reflect
2. All peripherals are switched off
3. AV and Firewall disabled: that I have not tried yet.

As for 4:
delete contents - I will do that - I see a lot of stuff there.

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I will give the other matters a try (clean boot, etc.)

There are a few entries in the upgrade history and noticed a pop-up right bottom reminding me of to upgrade (I postponed it 3 days)
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Maybe . . . maybe I got a little closer...
1. I deleted all the stuff - see your earlier post
2. I de-activated Windows Firewall and the AV-software
3. Used the USB thumbdrive (Media Creation Tool) - setup exe there.
all went fine and Windows did not report any non-compatible issues.
restarting
at the end of xx % completed, restarting again, and I got the error back.
Retoring previous version of Windows (Windows does this automatically).
reboot

"We couldn't install Windows 10"We've set your PC back to the way it was just before you started installing Windows 10."OxC1900101 -0x30017"The installation failed in the FIRST_BOOT phase with an error during BOOT operation
There is a lengthy thread on this here, titled :
"Repeated Install Failure of Windows 10 on Dell 660s 0xC1900101 0x30017"
https://goo.gl/rMQ6XK
Thanks a lot for the link to "Easy to Fix System Thread Exception Not Handled Error - Driver Easy"
Thing is that usually the BSOD with the Thread Exception'-error provides a file that has caused the problem.
Regretfully not with me.
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FWIW...
setuperr.log
2017-12-29 13:25:09, Error IBSLIB OSRollbackService::CBootFilesRestoreCheckpoint::Rollback: Failed to create WinPE rollback directory: D:\$WINDOWS.~BT\Sources\Rollback\WinPE[gle=0x000000b7]
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diagerr.xml
see diagerr - copy.txt (rename it to .xml - can't upload .xml files)

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LATER:
Also see: https://goo.gl/xiUufa
"Windows 10 Fall creators (1709) update fails" at Technet - Noticed something with this WinPE(?)
I am not an expert on that though..

Actually it doesn't matter what order your partitions are in as long as MSR is before C. You can put the ESP first, last or on a USB drive if you want.

You are getting a new recovery partition as 471MB isn't big enough that is all. It doesn't matter - you can delete all but the last one created. The last one created is normally the first one created to the RHS of C.

As for your upgrade problem try disconnecting all USB, uninstalling graphics drivers and try again. If not upload the SetUpErr.log and SetUpAct.log files.

FWIW - HDD's layout are as per below:
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note, there was no issue installing Windows 10 on Disk 1 at the time, so, as a non-expert I can only assume that upgrading to that disk/partition shouldn't be too much of a problem(?)
At least I see all kinds of files are downloaded on that partition.

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tfwul said:

FWIW - HDD's layout are as per below:

Disk Management doesn't show all partitions. You need to run diskpart (select disk 1, list partition etc).

Interesting you have disk 0 active (indicating BIOS install).

I'd unplug them all (except 1) and make sure you have a decent booting system first.