I don't know whether your problem is the same as mine as your description sounds a bit different, however I experienced a similar thing this morning, which seems a bit coincidental, so maybe the problems are linked. PC booted to desktop fine, I went to make a coffee and when I got back the Desktop/Taskbar were blank and all the icons were missing.
The cause for me was that the Intel Graphics Drivers (Intel Iris Graphics 6100) decided that it was going to add a 'Virtual Display' on it's own accord and make that the primary monitor. So in short, the reason everything disappeared was that I was now looking at the low-res second monitor (that I don't have) on my main display.
To cure it I done the following:
1) Rebooted the PC with the power button on the machine, as was unable to do it from Desktop
2) I was then able to right-click the desktop and select 'Graphic Properties' in the context menu.
3) In the Intel 'Graphic Properties' I was able to un-select the 'Virtual Display' by setting it back to single monitor mode
4) Re-added my desktop background, rebooted and all was fine
Yesterday everything was normal and this morning it initially booted to desktop fine, so I'm not sure what the cause was or even what a 'Virtual Display' is. The only updates I can see are for the Windows Map App (where they added a live tile, but I'm not sure what else).