Boot failure, Windows won't boot from drive.

From the last, these look like
Recovery (rather small)
EFI
C:
Recovery

You can easily verify C: as you can double click to explore it... try that.

It is possible to have two Recovery partitions, only one being in use.

If so, yours is a UEFI configuration - is that correct?
However it's listed as MBR (I don't know if that's just misleading at this stage).

But there should be a 16Mb System partition and that's not apparent.

Example- my UEFI partitions

-----------------------------------------
This is what I see if I explore my 100Mb EFI partition


And Recovery


If you can recover C: and image it to another disk using Macrium Reflect, there is a way to completely recover your PC even if the 16Mb partition is missing. I would take the opportunity to create that image as soon as you can.

You can also try recovering all the partitions I've mentioned, then running Macrium Fixboot on the disk.

If you're happy with restoring those, go ahead. Take due precautions- image C: as soon as you have the chance.

And remember- you're looking for a 16Mb partition, else your PC won't boot. I believe you have enough information to proceed from what I've posted above at least to the point of using Macrium's Fix Boot utility e.g. from Kyhi's boot disk or Macrium's boot medium.

The 300Mb partition looks wrong, and you're missing the 16Mb System partition. Otherwise it's a UEFI config. The last one looks like a real Recovery partition.

In particular, the disk is shown as MBR
- for a UEFI boot you need GPT

So follow the procedure I outlined above: you have your image of C: - clean install Win 10 making sure C: is large enough to restore your present C:
Perform a Clean Boot in Windows 10 to Troubleshoot Software Conflicts Windows 10 Performance Maintenance Tutorials

Make sure everything on your existing system disk is deleted- if you wish, format it first.

Glad you found a resolution. Now you have more tools - time to start using disk imaging routinely...