CBS log reporting error with "msdelta.dll" that sfc /scannow can't fix

I just got a BSOD (and it's a familiar one). I wasn't able to write it all down before the PC restarted, but this is what I got:

D:\Windows\System32\Logfiles\Srt\SrtTrail.txt
System Thread Exception atikm...
Attachment 80767

What's weird is that that BSOD error claims Windows is on the D drive.
Windows is, without a doubt, installed on the C drive and always has been.
Attachment 80774

I have an SSD as the C drive and an HDD as the D drive.
(For good measure, I double-checked D: and no "Windows" folders exist.)

Maybe this all got messed up when I accidentally pressed the big fat "Intel Rapid Storage technology" button on the main screen in the BIOS after the Windows Reset. It hung up in the BIOS after that, and I pushed the reset button.

Before encountering this error I had done the following:
- Uninstalled gpu driver (because Doom wasn't detecting higher resolutions) and restarted
- Changed primary display to i-gpu in bios
(Had to do this to get to desktop to install the driver.)
- Installed latest crimson driver 16.5.2.1 and reconnected DVI to gpu
- Reset PC
- Launched Steam, uninstalled Doom, re-downloaded Doom and started surfing the web in the interim
30 minutes later, with Doom at 80%, I got the BSOD with the aforementioned error.

I opened up "update and security" and this is what it shows (crimson's running in the background so I brought it up to show the latest driver version):
Attachment 80773