If that's the case, I'll just keep the apps on the C drive. At least I'm able to access that. I'll save some more money for a bigger SSD.

Edit:
I ended up formatting my D drive and manually...

I'm taking ownership of the "Windowsapps" folder that was created on my D Drive, but it still asks for permission. So I set the windowsapps back to my C Drive and tried to delete the Windowsapps...

xyz Sorry, I didn't see your reply. Seems Brink got you covered. Hope the repair-install works. I also ran SFC /scannow after the repair-install was done.

It seems that a repair-install of Windows 10 Pro finally fixed my corrupt files. But I'm lost as to why this method fixed the problem, when a clean install did not?

A repair-install of Windows 10...

Even doing a clean install of Windows 10 gives corrupt files. Dism seems useless in Windows 10 or in it's current build. I've tried all suggested steps and doing a clean install as a last resort and...