Hard drives file system damaged after safely removed

I have two Windows 10 computers, one with an AMD Ryzen-3950X cpu currently running Windows 10 21H2 and the other an Intel i7-6850K running Windows 21H1, I'm having a serious issue where I've now had 3 hard drives that I've been using for years as removable storage where they have had a serious issue when I insert the drive into a hard drive dock (and I have 3 all from different manufacturers Wavelink, Kingwin & Sabrent) and I copy files to them and when the copy is complete I use safely remove hardware to eject the disc from the dock, then turn the dock off and remove the hard drive only to discover the next time I use that drive that Windows now says "Unknown File System" and I can no longer access the data on those drives.

The first time this happened I created this thread and was never able to recover anything from that 6TB hard drive, I was forced to reformat and do my best to recover almost 6TB of data:
How to repair a damaged partition on a data drive?

Now I have an additional 6TB and 8TB drive that have had the exact same thing happen to them and again I'm asking for any help to try and repair whatever happened to the drives so I can recover almost 10TB of data but also to try and understand why is this happening? I've been using 2TB, 4TB drive for almost 20 years and 6TB drives for at least 6 - 8 years and now 8TB drives for a while and this is something that started happening last year and it's really more infuriating than any words can convey.

Anyone have any ideas on how to track down why this is happening?

Thanks!

As a mainframe computer consultant for much of my career, I was at a client about 1980 that had multiple IBM 2319 removeable disk packs become unusable over a period of 2 weeks. Back in the day, those were the most reliable, easy to use disk packs used by most IBM mainframes at the time. As far as could be determined, apparently one diskpack (they had fully exposed platters back then) had a platter get bent while mounting or dismounting it from the drive (into the plastic 'cake box-like' disk pack 'holder'). It then bent the heads (retractable arms containing the magnetic read/write devices) on one or more drives that it was mounted on. Those bent arms went on to damage other packs that were mounted in them. In all, the 3 drives that were for pack mounting were all damaged and about 20 of the 40 mountable packs were damaged.

The moral of the story: I'd guess you have a bad external drive bay that may have a short or even an internal cache failure of some kind causing incomplete directory write activity. Buy a couple of cheap used drives (1-2 GB, for example) for testing. Ebay is a good place to buy cheap...from very reputable sellers. One by one, test each drive on a single bay with multiple read/write operations, including serial file creation and random reads along with mount/dismount with turning on/off the drive bay. I'll put my money on one of those bays failing repeatedly, even on different disk drives.

Alternatively, it's possible that the USB drivers or chip(s) on one of the motherboards - but not both - needs an upgrade or replacement. NOTE: I have been burned a couple of times by Microsoft-provided driver updates in the past couple of years. I was forced to reinstall the drivers from the MOBO CDs. I now have device driver updates blocked out of all 3 of my computers. Remember the 1st rule of computers: backup, backup, backup.

Of the three hard drive docks I'm using the Kingwin is the oldest, the Wavlink is about a year old and the Sabrent is brand new and I'm pretty sure that one of the disks that ended up with some kind of damage was the 8TB Western Digital Ultrastar DC HC320 which is an Enterprise drive that's less than a year old (it has a 5 year warranty) and it's practically brand new.

So it's possible that it's a operating system problem or a USB port problem, I have changed the ports I was using for the docks. I've been using this system since 2005 and I have 28 total drives mostly Western Digital and a couple Seagate's but in all this time I've never had a drive go bad and as 4TB, 6TB and now 8TB have become more affordable I've slowly replaced the 2TB and 4TB drives with 6TB & 8TB; I only have a single since 2TB drive left in use (and it many be used for 20 minutes once a year) and four 4TB drives left the rest are 6TB & 8TB drives.

I've looked in the system log on both computers and the AMD Ryzen based computer is the only one with an error message relating to a disk error on a drive letter that was probably one of the disks that ended up damaged. The error message was "A corruption was discovered in the file system structure on volume E:. The Master File Table (MFT) contains a corrupted file record. The file reference number is 0x6000000000006. The name of the file is "<unable to determine file name>".".